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Preface	By Jacqueline Aloisi de Larderel, Director, UNEP Industry and Environment Centre, and John Whitelaw, Director, UNEP International Environmental Technology Centre
Chapter 1	A bridge to sustainable development A wide range Growing use Impressive results Main needs Barriers Unfinished agenda ISO 14001 – a major driving force?
Chapter 2	Bringing tangible, measurable benefits A fivefold approach Technology solutions exist Three main categories Four generations of ESTs Cleaning up industry Chemicals Pulp and paper Steel Construction Counting the costs of ESTs Benefiting the bottom line Sources Characteristics of sustainable technologies Saving energy and raw materials in the chemical industry Reducing pollution in pulp and paper production Waste reduction: an urgent priority for metal plating On-site ‘green’ building techniques in Japan
Chapter 3	Transferring technologies Success factors Knowledge gap Plugging the gap Intermediaries crucial Other issues Reaching small and medium-sized enterprises Skills management Key role for private sector Public sector approach Montreal Protocol Mixed private-public approaches Capacity-building Promoting exports Is trade a barrier? South-South transfers “Start at home” Sources Bottom-line benefits are persuasive Barriers to technology transfer Information systems surveyed Asia and Pacific focus on small and medium-sized enterprises Transferring ESTs to small and medium-sized enterprises in Morocco The OzonAction Programme Not one-time transactions ESTs can overcome trade concerns
Chapter 4	Financing ESTs What is the cost? Private sector financing Public-private partnerships Funding technology transfer Supporting smaller enterprises Other funding sources The World Bank International funding Self-financing in Europe The good news – and the bad Sources Privatization as a catalyst An innovative approach to financing ESTs Funding renewable energy technologies Implementing a national strategy Pollution prevention in India ESTs help Pakistan pulp and paper mill Collaborating on the border
Chapter 5	The role of government Direct regulations Command-and-control criticized New thinking – new policies Economic instruments Ecotaxes European Union broadens policies Taxing energy California and zero-emission vehicles The voluntary approach Incentive programmes International agreements In the developing world Critical role Sources legislation is the driving force Regulatory flexibility Effluent taxes in the Netherlands Nitrogen oxide charge in Sweden Covenants work in the Netherlands Government-industry partnerships advance energy-efficient ESTs The Montreal Protocol – a dramatic impact on ESTs ‘Technology tree’ Conflicting cases: Mexico and Tanzania
Chapter 6	ESTs for pollution control Air pollution Water and wastewater treatment Solid waste treatment Landfill Waste to energy Recovery and recycling Land remediation Environmental monitoring Sources Emissions control at an incineration plant New lithography technology Zero wastewater emission in the wiredrawing process Treating wastewater in the rubber industry Solid and hazardous waste in Egypt Waste-to-energy schemes work in Scandinavia Recycling – an option for leather tanneries An integrated approach in Madrid Coping with scrapped cars Air and water monitoring at a chemical plant Reducing pollution and waste through improved process control
Chapter 7	Cleaner production and eco-efficiency ESTs for cleaner production Improving technologies Barriers to cleaner production Funding constraints and needs Cleaner Production Programme Other United Nations activities Progress and problems Eco-efficiency Towards zero emissions Work in progress Off the drawing board The eco-factory Industrial ecology Valid and viable Sources Clear environmental and financial benefits Tunisian initiative leads to cleaner technologies Economic return in the Philippines Gas phase heat treatment of metals Saving costs and improving product quality Reducing heat loss in lead oxide units Conserving water, energy and chemicals The price can be acceptable Saving water and waste in food processing Cleaner production initiatives in Thailand Cleaner production at the grassroots A fast response in Africa

Chapter 8	ESTs for energy Coal Advanced technologies Efficiency in industry Fundamental changes Residential and commercial use Co-generation A key role for technologies Sources Cleaner coal technology in China Energy saving in the glass industry Efficient office lighting in the United States Co-generation in the United Kingdom District heating schemes in Europe
Chapter 9	Renewable energy technologies Cost is the key Solar power Passive solar Solar thermal systems Photovoltaic cells Growing activity Enormous potential Wind power Micro-hydro power Biomass Biomass in developing countries Some problems Biogas Not without difficulties Increasingly popular Fuel cell power Geothermal power Nuclear energy Evolutionary advances Thermonuclear fusion “Real opportunity” Sources Solar-powered telecommunications in Australia Solar power in Freiburg Affording solar electricity Choosing the right projects Denmark – a world leader The Swedish experience with biomass Heating homes from straw From distillery wastes to biogas A “definite sustainable option”
Chapter 10	ESTs for water conservation Agriculture Technologies and systems Chemical pollution Sanitation A key issue Sources Water conservation in China Permaculture in Australia
Chapter 11	ESTs for road transportation Fuel efficiency technologies Technologies to reduce emissions Alternative carbon-based fuels Gas-powered vehicles Do they work? Cheaper to use? Zero-emission vehicles Electric vehicles Fuel cells A promising future Sources The biggest challenge Better traffic management vital too Transport challenges in developing countries
Chapter 12	Biotechnology Cleaning up pollution An exciting future Trends in agriculture Further applications Approach causes concern Biotechnology transfer Clear benefits Sources Using micro-organisms against industrial pollution New modular composting system Viet Nam focuses on composting Research projects produce results in the United States Promoting biotechnology transfer Developing environmentally sound biotechnologies in India Biotechnology goes mobile
Chapter 13	Environmental technology assessment Ten steps for EnTA Following a successful EnTA A systems approach Growing interest and cooperation “Fix it or scrap it now” Sources Suppliers’ claims felt unreliable Using EnTA to choose the right technology in India Assessing environmentally sound technologies in India
Chapter 14	Asia: economic growth and environmental deterioration Massive investments needed What is happening? The driving forces Reluctance on cleaner production Finding the finance Other regions in brief Sources Progress on cleaner production in China Japan provides lessons for the whole region
Chapter 15	ESTs and future challenges An integrated approach Sources New technologies needed: air, energy and waste New technologies needed: water and resources
Appendix	Sources of information
Selected Reading	Selected publications from UNEP IE and IETC The UNEP Industry and Environment Centre (UNEP IE) The UNEP International Environmental Technology Centre (IETC)
Cover	(download front & back covers)

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